Effect of weight training on lower limb strength in martial arts athletes / Efeito do treinamento com pesos sobre a força dos membros inferiores em atletas de artes marciais / Efecto del entrenamiento con pesas en la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores en atletas de artes marciales

ABSTRACT Introduction: It is believed that weight training on the lower limbs in martial arts athletes can contribute to a better performance of the whiplash, a specific movement that encompasses pliometry, balance and strength. Objective: Study the effects of weight training on lower limb strength in martial arts athletes when performing the whiplash. Methods: A controlled experiment was conducted involving 100 martial arts athletes, randomly divided into two groups of characteristics without statically relevant differences. The experimental group received weight training, while the control group received no additional intervention to their daily training. Results: The vertical jump in the experimental group increased from 31.24 ± 6.65 cm to 36.00 ± 9.62 cm; the vertical jump in horizontal standing position increased from 195.49 ± 4.16 cm to 196.51 ± 7.49 cm; the approach vertical jump varied from 32.94 ± 9.21 cm to 37.60 ± 11. 50 cm; the jump from the local half squat position was from 34.55 ± 6.40 cm to 40.30 ± 8.14 cm; the maximum force of a squat with weights was from 140.81 ± 10.05 kg to 142.06 ± 10.23 kg; the maximum number of supine leg raises in one minute increased from 43.43 ± 6.15 to 48.05 ± 7.29. Conclusion: Weight training positively influenced lower limb strength in martial arts athletes, whiplash performance was elevated. Weight training is recommended in the daily training of martial arts athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Acredita-se que o treinamento com pesos nos membros inferiores em atletas de artes marciais possa contribuir para um melhor desempenho do whiplash, um movimento específico que engloba pliometria, equilíbrio e força. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos do treinamento com pesos sobre a força dos membros inferiores em aletas de artes marciais na execução do whiplash. Métodos: Foi conduzida uma experiência controlada envolvendo 100 atletas de artes marciais, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de características sem diferenças estaticamente relevantes. O grupo experimental recebeu treinamento com pesos, enquanto o grupo de controle não recebeu nenhuma intervenção adicional ao treino cotidiano. Resultados: O salto vertical no grupo experimental elevou-se de 31,24 ± 6,65 cm para 36,00 ± 9,62 cm; o salto vertical em pé horizontal elevou-se de 195,49 ± 4,16 cm para 196,51 ± 7,49 cm; o salto vertical de aproximação variou de 32,94 ± 9,21 cm para 37,60 ± 11. 50 cm; o salto da posição de meio agachamento local foi de 34,55 ± 6,40 cm para 40,30 ± 8,14 cm; a força máxima de um agachamento com pesos foi de 140,81 ± 10,05 kg para 142,06 ± 10,23 kg; o número máximo de elevações de pernas supinas em um minuto elevou-se de 43,43 ± 6,15 para 48,05 ± 7,29. Conclusão: O treinamento com pesos influenciou positivamente na força dos membros inferiores em atletas de artes marciais, o desempenho do whiplash foi elevado. Recomenda-se o treinamento de pesos no treinamento diário dos atletas de artes marciais. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Se cree que el entrenamiento con pesas sobre los miembros inferiores en atletas de artes marciales puede contribuir para una mejor ejecución del whiplash, un movimiento específico que engloba pliometría, equilibrio y fuerza. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos del entrenamiento con pesas en la fuerza de los miembros inferiores en atletas de artes marciales al realizar el whiplash. Métodos: Se realizó un experimento controlado con 100 atletas de artes marciales, divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos de características sin diferencias estadísticamente relevantes. El grupo experimental recibió entrenamiento con pesas, mientras que el grupo de control no recibió ninguna intervención adicional a su entrenamiento diario. Resultados: El salto vertical en el grupo experimental aumentó de 31,24 ± 6,65 cm a 36,00 ± 9,62 cm; el salto vertical horizontal de pie aumentó de 195,49 ± 4,16 cm a 196,51 ± 7,49 cm; el salto vertical de aproximación varió de 32,94 ± 9,21 cm a 37,60 ± 11. 50 cm; el salto desde la posición de media sentadilla local fue de 34,55 ± 6,40 cm a 40,30 ± 8,14 cm; la fuerza máxima de una sentadilla con pesas fue de 140,81 ± 10,05 kg a 142,06 ± 10,23 kg; el número máximo de elevaciones de piernas en decúbito supino en un minuto aumentó de 43,43 ± 6,15 a 48,05 ± 7,29. Conclusión: El entrenamiento con pesas influyó positivamente en la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores de los atletas de artes marciales y elevó el rendimiento de los whiplashs. Se recomienda el entrenamiento con pesas en el entrenamiento diario de los atletas de artes marciales. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos-investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of closed and open kinetic chain exercises on pain, muscle strength, function, and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Therapeutic exercises are well documented for the treatment of osteoarthritis; there is less evidence on what the effect of closed kinetic chain exercises is for knee osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of open kinetic chain exercises and closed kinetic chain exercises on pain, muscle strength, functional status, and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: The study included a total of 60 patients with primary unilateral knee osteoarthritis grade I and II. The patients were categorized into three groups as open kinetic chain exercises (n=20), closed kinetic chain exercises (n=20), and control group (n=20). The outcome measures, including pain, isokinetic muscle strength, functional status, and quality of life, were collected at baseline and at the end of 6 and 12 weeks. RESULTS: Closed kinetic chain exercises and open kinetic chain exercises had significant improvement in pain, muscle strength, WOMAC, and SF-36 scores after the treatment and at their 6th and 12th week follow-ups compared to their baseline values and compared to the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The changes in all outcome measures were similar between closed kinetic chain exercises and open kinetic chain exercises (p>0.05). Closed kinetic chain exercises and open kinetic chain exercises were similar for knee osteoarthritis grade I and II. Closed kinetic chain exercises could be safely added to the exercise programs of patients with low-grade knee osteoarthritis.

Impacts of muscle training loads on college students' physical fitness / Impactos de cargas no treinamento muscular sobre a aptidão física dos estudantes universitários / Impacto de cargas en el entrenamiento muscular sobre la aptitud física de los estudiantes universitarios

ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to the excessive value of contemporary intellectual education, the physical fitness of college students has become precarious. This gradual deficit requires innovative solutions to inhibit the negative impacts on the physical quality that inevitably impact students' learning ability. Objective: Verify the impacts of varied loads in muscular strength exercise on college students and their practical repercussions on the diversified development of physical education classes. Methods: We selected 90 non-sporting college students, sedentary and without physical diseases, divided into experimental group 1 with medium intensity load, experimental group 2 with a low-intensity load, and a control group. Before and after the experiment, the relevant fitness indicators were evaluated, and finally, the data were statistically integrated and analyzed. Results: Group 1 increased from 52.25 ± 5.57kg before training to 54.56 ± 6.02kg, with a very significant change; experimental group 2 increased from 53.32 ± 4.89kg before training to 54.21 ± 5.22kg, showing a very significant change as well. Conclusion: Establishing the intensity of load muscle training scientifically and rationally can improve college students' physical quality and muscle strength, and promote the healthy and coordinated development of their psychological and physical quality. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Em detrimento da supervalorização da educação intelectual contemporânea, o condicionamento físico dos estudantes universitários tem se tornado precário. Este déficit gradual requer soluções inovadoras visando inibir os impactos negativos à qualidade física que inevitavelmente repercutiram sobre a capacidade de aprendizagem dos estudantes. Objetivo: Verificar os impactos de cargas variadas no exercício de força muscular sobre os estudantes universitários e sua repercussão prática sobre o desenvolvimento diversificado das aulas de educação física. Métodos: Foram selecionados 90 estudantes universitários de áreas não esportivas, sedentários e sem doenças físicas, divididos em grupo experimental 1 com carga de média intensidade, grupo experimental 2 com carga de baixa intensidade e grupo de controle. Antes e depois do experimento, os indicadores de aptidão física relevantes foram avaliados, e finalmente os dados foram integrados estatisticamente e analisados. Resultados: O grupo 1 aumentou de 52,25 ± 5,57kg antes do treinamento para 54,56 ± 6,02kg, com uma mudança muito significativa; o grupo experimental 2 aumentou de 53,32 ± 4,89kg antes do treinamento para 54,21 ± 5,22kg, apresentando alteração também muito significativa. Conclusão: Estabelecer a intensidade do treinamento muscular de carga no treinamento muscular de forma científica e racional pode melhorar a qualidade física e a força muscular dos estudantes universitários, além de promover o desenvolvimento sadio e coordenado da qualidade psicológica e física desses estudantes. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: En detrimento de la sobrevaloración de la formación intelectual contemporánea, la forma física de los universitarios se ha vuelto precaria. Este déficit gradual requiere soluciones innovadoras destinadas a inhibir los impactos negativos sobre la calidad física, que inevitablemente repercuten en la capacidad de aprendizaje de los alumnos. Objetivo: Verificar los impactos de cargas variadas en ejercicios de fuerza muscular en estudiantes universitarios y su repercusión práctica en el desarrollo diversificado de las clases de educación física. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 90 estudiantes universitarios de áreas no deportivas, sedentarios y sin enfermedades físicas, divididos en grupo experimental 1 con carga de intensidad media, grupo experimental 2 con carga de intensidad baja y grupo control. Antes y después del experimento, se evaluaron los indicadores de aptitud pertinentes y, por último, se integraron y analizaron estadísticamente los datos. Resultados: El grupo 1 aumentó de 52,25 ± 5,57 kg antes del entrenamiento a 54,56 ± 6,02 kg, con un cambio muy significativo; el grupo experimental 2 aumentó de 53,32 ± 4,89 kg antes del entrenamiento a 54,21 ± 5,22 kg, mostrando también un cambio muy significativo. Conclusión: Establecer la intensidad del entrenamiento muscular de carga de forma científica y racional puede mejorar la calidad física y la fuerza muscular de los estudiantes universitarios, así como promover el desarrollo saludable y coordinado de su calidad psicológica y física. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of variable exercise on strength training in throwing athletes / Efeitos do exercício variável no treinamento de força em praticantes de arremesso / Efectos del ejercicio variable en el entrenamiento de fuerza en practicantes de lanzamiento

ABSTRACT Introduction: Throwing is a physical phenomenon with its base resistance and speed, demanding the high explosive force of its practitioners. Objective: Observe the implications of exercise with speed and variable load on the explosive strength training of throwing practitioners. Methods: The author uses scientific literature to execute an experiment on throwing techniques, dividing 24 athletes randomly into control and experimental groups. Variations of discus weight and throwing distances were applied in the groups. The results were compared in SPSS and Excel to perform the corresponding statistical processing. Results: The athletes showed throwing performance with an increasing trend, but not evident enough among the control group. The increase in the experimental group was evident compared to the performance before the experiment. Conclusion: Training with variable speed and variable load exercises positively affects strength training in throwing events. It is recommended to perform variable speed and variable load exercises for athletes in throwing practitioners. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O arremesso é um fenômeno físico que tem como base a resistência e a velocidade, exigindo elevada força explosiva corporal de seus praticantes. Objetivo: Observar as implicações do exercício com velocidade e carga variável no treinamento de força explosiva dos praticantes de arremesso. Métodos: O autor utiliza embasamento na literatura científica para executar um experimento de técnicas de arremesso esportivo, dividindo 24 atletas aleatoriamente em grupos controle e experimental. Variações de peso dos discos e distâncias de lançamento foram aplicadas nos grupos e a comparação dos resultados foi executada no software SPSS e Excel para realizar o processamento estatístico correspondente. Resultados: Os atletas apresentaram desempenho de lançamento com uma tendência crescente, mas não suficiente evidente entre o grupo controle. Comparado ao desempenho prévio do experimento, o aumento do grupo experimental foi evidenciado. Conclusão: O treinamento com exercícios de velocidade variável e carga variável tem um efeito positivo no treinamento de força em eventos de arremesso, é recomendado realizar exercícios de velocidade variável e carga variável para atletas em praticantes de arremesso. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El lanzamiento es un fenómeno físico que tiene como base la resistencia y la velocidad, exigiendo una alta fuerza corporal explosiva de sus practicantes. Objetivo: Observar las implicaciones del ejercicio con velocidad y carga variable en el entrenamiento de la fuerza explosiva de los lanzadores. Métodos: El autor utiliza la literatura científica para ejecutar un experimento de técnicas de lanzamiento, dividiendo a 24 atletas al azar en grupos de control y experimental. Se aplicaron variaciones de peso de los discos y distancias de lanzamiento en los grupos y la comparación de los resultados se ejecutó en el software SPSS y Excel para realizar el correspondiente tratamiento estadístico. Resultados: Los atletas mostraron un rendimiento de lanzamiento con una tendencia al alza, pero no es suficientemente evidente entre el grupo de control. En comparación con el rendimiento anterior al experimento, se evidenció el aumento en el grupo experimental. Conclusión: El entrenamiento con ejercicios de velocidad variable y carga variable tiene un efecto positivo en el entrenamiento de la fuerza en las pruebas de lanzamiento, se recomienda la realización de ejercicios de velocidad variable y carga variable para los atletas en las prácticas de lanzamiento. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Enhancement by diet and aerobic exercise in professional athletes / Aperfeiçoamento por dieta e prática do exercício aeróbico em atletas profissionais / Mejora mediante la dieta y la práctica de ejercicio aeróbico en atletas profesionales

ABSTRACT Introduction: Body weight regulation in sports competitions is an essential factor affecting the physical capacity of athletes. Especially in high-level events, the role of weight loss is significant in improving the competitive status. Weightlifters have high anaerobic capacity, high aerobic capacity, high flexibility, and less body fat. In all regular competitions, weightlifters compete against competitors of the same weight class. Objective: This paper investigates the effect of moderate aerobic exercise on weight loss in athletes and the effects of related biochemical parameters. Methods: Twenty weightlifters were randomly selected to conduct a questionnaire survey. The athletes performed aerobic exercises for eight weeks. The collection method and mathematical statistics were used to study body shape and constitution, blood indices, and other relevant data about weightlifters in China. Results: The effect of aerobic exercise on improving the athletes' physical fitness is discussed. The results showed that body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, and body mass index decreased the most (P<0.05). Waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, hip-to-height ratio, and BMI significantly decreased (P<0.05). There was no significant change in height and fat index (P>0.05). Conclusion: 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and an appropriate diet can significantly improve the body shape index, physical index, and biochemical index of athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A regulamentação do peso corporal nas competições esportivas é um fator essencial que afeta a capacidade física dos atletas. Especialmente em eventos de alto nível, o papel do emagrecimento é significativo para melhorar o estado competitivo. Os halterofilistas têm a alta capacidade anaeróbica, alta capacidade aeróbica, alta flexibilidade e menos gordura corporal. Em todas as competições regulares, os halterofilistas competem contra concorrentes da mesma classe de peso. Objetivo: Este artigo investiga o efeito do exercício aeróbico moderado na perda de peso em atletas e os efeitos dos parâmetros bioquímicos relacionados. Métodos: Selecionou-se aleatoriamente 20 halterofilistas para conduzir uma pesquisa por questionário. Os atletas realizaram um exercício aeróbico durante oito semanas. Utilizou-se o método de coleta e estatística matemática para estudar a forma e constituição corporal, índices sanguíneos e outros dados relevantes sobre os halterofilistas na China. Resultados: Discute-se o efeito do exercício aeróbico na melhoria da aptidão física dos atletas. Os resultados mostraram que o peso corporal, a circunferência da cintura, a circunferência do quadril e o índice de massa corporal foram os que mais diminuíram (P<0,05). A relação cintura/quadril, relação cintura/altura, relação quadril/altura e IMC também foram significativamente diminuídos (P<0,05). Não houve mudança significativa na altura e no índice de gordura (P>0,05). Conclusão: 8 semanas de exercícios aeróbicos e uma dieta apropriada podem melhorar significativamente o índice de forma corporal, o índice físico e o índice bioquímico dos atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La regulación del peso corporal en las competiciones deportivas es un factor esencial que afecta a la capacidad física de los atletas. Especialmente en los eventos de alto nivel, el papel de la pérdida de peso es significativo para mejorar el estado competitivo. Los levantadores de pesas tienen una alta capacidad anaeróbica, una alta capacidad aeróbica, una alta flexibilidad y menos grasa corporal. En todas las competiciones regulares, los levantadores de pesas compiten contra competidores de la misma categoría de peso. Objetivo: Este trabajo investiga el efecto del ejercicio aeróbico moderado sobre la pérdida de peso en atletas y los efectos de los parámetros bioquímicos relacionados. Métodos: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente veinte levantadores de pesas para realizar una encuesta por cuestionario. Los atletas realizaron un ejercicio aeróbico durante ocho semanas. Se utilizó el método de recogida y la estadística matemática para estudiar la forma y la constitución del cuerpo, los índices sanguíneos y otros datos relevantes sobre los levantadores de pesas en China. Resultados: Se analiza el efecto del ejercicio aeróbico en la mejora de la condición física de los deportistas. Los resultados mostraron que el peso corporal, el perímetro de la cintura, el perímetro de la cadera y el índice de masa corporal fueron los que más disminuyeron (P<0,05). La relación cintura-cadera, la relación cintura-talla, la relación cadera-talla y el IMC también disminuyeron significativamente (P<0,05). No hubo cambios significativos en la altura y el índice de grasa (P>0,05). Conclusión: 8 semanas de ejercicio aeróbico y una dieta adecuada pueden mejorar significativamente el índice de forma corporal, el índice físico y el índice bioquímico en los atletas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Strength training in patients with fibromyalgia: a feasibility study / Entrenamiento de fuerza en pacientes con fibromialgia: un estudio de factibilidad / Treinamento de força em pacientes com fibromialgia: um estudo de viabilidade

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) is characterized by the presence of diffuse pain lasting for more than three months and is often associated with sleep disorders. Studies have investigated the effect of strength training (ST) on pain and sleep quality in FM patients, but there continue to be diverse perspectives on the effects of this intervention in this population. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the effects of strength training (ST) on pain and sleep quality in FM patients. Methods: Forty-eight women with FM participated in the study between August and October, 2012. Six (55±6.5 years) performed ST, conducted at Santa Catarina State University, and eight (47±9 years) comprised the control group. The Socio-Demographic and Clinical Questionnaire, the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used. Data were collected before the first session and after the eight-week intervention and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests. Results: The eight- week ST intervention decreased pain (p< 0.05) and significantly diminished the daytime sleep dysfunctions (p< 0.05), demonstrating that the proposed program contributes to improving patient quality of life. Conclusion: ST is a feasible treatment for patients with fibromyalgia. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic study.

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de fibromialgia (FM) se caracteriza por la presencia de dolor difuso de más de tres meses de duración y suele asociarse a trastornos del sueño. Los estudios han investigado el efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza (ST) sobre el dolor y la calidad del sueño en pacientes con FM, pero todavía existen diversas perspectivas respecto a los efectos de esta intervención en esta población. Objetivos: El objetivo del estudio fue examinar los efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza sobre el dolor y la calidad del sueño de los pacientes con FM. Métodos: Cuarenta y ocho mujeres con FM participaron en el estudio entre agosto y octubre de 2012. Seis (55 ± 6,5 años) se sometieron a un entrenamiento de fuerza realizado en la Universidad del Estado de Santa Catarina, y ocho (47 ± 9 años) constituyeron el grupo de control. Se utilizó el Cuestionario sociodemográfico y Clínico, la escala visual analógica (EVA) para el dolor y el Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh. Los datos fueron recopilados antes de la primera sesión y después de la intervención de ocho semanas y se analizaron mediante estadísticas descriptivas y pruebas de inferencia. Resultados: La intervención de ocho semanas con ST disminuyó el dolor (p <0,05) y redujo significativamente los trastornos del sueño durante el día (p <0,05), lo que demuestra que el programa propuesto contribuye a mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Conclusión: El entrenamiento de fuerza es un tratamiento viable para pacientes con fibromialgia. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos.

RESUMO Introdução: A síndrome da fibromialgia (FM) é caracterizada pela presença de dor difusa com duração de mais de três meses e, frequentemente, é associada a distúrbios do sono. Estudos investigaram o efeito do treinamento de força (ST) sobre a dor e a qualidade do sono dos pacientes com FM, mas ainda existem diversas perspectivas quanto aos efeitos da intervenção nessa população. Objetivos: O objetivo do estudo foi examinar os efeitos do treinamento de força (ST) sobre a dor e a qualidade do sono de pacientes com FM. Métodos: Quarenta e oito mulheres com FM participaram do estudo entre agosto e outubro de 2012. Seis (55 ± 6,5 anos) realizaram treinamento de força, conduzido na Universidade Estadual de Santa Catarina, e oito (47 ± 9 anos) constituíram o grupo controle. Foram empregados o Questionário Sociodemográfico e Clínico, a escala visual analógica (EVA) para dor e o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. Os dados foram coletados antes da primeira sessão e depois da intervenção de oito semanas e foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e testes inferenciais. Resultados: A intervenção de 8 semanas com ST diminuiu a dor (p < 0,05) e reduziu significativamente as disfunções diurnas do sono (p <0,05), demonstrando que o programa proposto contribui para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Conclusão: O ST é um tratamento viável para pacientes com fibromialgia. Nível de evidência II; Estudo terapêutico.

Effect of weight training on lower limb strength in soccer players / Efeito da musculação sobre a força nos membros inferiores dos jogadores de futebol / Efecto de la musculación en la fuerza de los miembros inferiores de los jugadores de fútbol

ABSTRACT Introduction: There are many methods for lower limb explosive strength training in soccer athletes, and the most common is strength gain training by load increase. There is still no consensus on whether this type of training can influence jumping performance in soccer athletes. Objective: To explore the influence of muscle gain by added weight on jumping performance and lower limb muscle strength in soccer athletes. Methods: 60 participants were equally divided between high, low, and control training groups. The load was implemented with a weight vest for eight weeks. The training frequency was 40 to 60 minutes three times a week, and the training protocols and schedules of the two groups were the same, while the control group was not involved in any sports training. Results: The isokinetic muscle strength test of the left knee extensor before and after eight weeks of training showed no significant interaction between maximum torque and time to reach maximum torque at 60°/s and 180°/s (P > 0.05). After the jump test, a significant difference appears in the main effects on time factors between group A and group B. Conclusion: Strength training by load addition is an effective training method to improve the sport's ability in the lower limbs of soccer athletes. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução: Existem muitos métodos para o treinamento de força explosiva do membro inferior nos atletas de futebol e o mais comum é o treinamento de ganho de força por aumento de carga. Ainda não há um consenso se esse tipo de treino pode influenciar no desempenho do salto nos atletas de futebol. Objetivo: Explorar a influência do ganho muscular por adição de peso no desempenho de salto e a força muscular nos membros inferiores dos atletas de futebol. Métodos: 60 participantes foram igualmente divididos entre grupos de treinamento de alta carga, baixa carga e grupo controle. A carga foi implementada com um colete de peso por 8 semanas. A frequência de treinamento foi de 40 a 60 minutos três vezes por semana e os protocolos de treinamento e horários dos dois grupos eram os mesmos, enquanto o grupo de controle não estava envolvido em nenhum treinamento esportivo. Resultados: Os resultados do teste isocinético de força muscular do extensor do joelho esquerdo antes e depois de 8 semanas de treinamento mostraram que não houve interação significativa entre o torque máximo e o tempo para atingir o torque máximo a 60°/s e 180°/s (P > 0,05). Após o teste de salto, verificou-se que houve diferença significativa nos principais efeitos dos fatores de tempo entre o grupo A e o grupo B. Conclusão: O treinamento de reforço por adição de carga é um método eficaz de treinamento para melhorar a capacidade esportiva nos membros inferiores dos atletas de futebol. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: Existen muchos métodos para el entrenamiento de la fuerza explosiva del miembro inferior en los deportistas de fútbol y el más común es el entrenamiento de la fuerza por aumento de carga. Todavía no hay consenso sobre si este tipo de entrenamiento puede influir en el rendimiento de salto en los atletas de fútbol. Objetivo: Explorar la influencia de la ganancia muscular por peso añadido en el rendimiento de salto y la fuerza muscular de las extremidades inferiores en atletas de fútbol. Métodos: 60 participantes se dividieron por igual entre los grupos de entrenamiento de alta carga, baja carga y control. La carga se implementó con un chaleco de peso durante 8 semanas. La frecuencia de entrenamiento fue de 40-60 minutos tres veces por semana y los protocolos y horarios de entrenamiento de los dos grupos fueron los mismos, mientras que el grupo de control no realizó ningún entrenamiento deportivo. Resultados: Los resultados de la prueba de fuerza muscular isocinética del extensor de la rodilla izquierda antes y después de 8 semanas de entrenamiento mostraron que no había una interacción significativa entre el par máximo y el tiempo para alcanzar el par máximo a 60°/s y 180°/s (P > 0,05). Tras la prueba de salto, se comprobó que había una diferencia significativa en los efectos principales de los factores temporales entre el grupo A y el grupo B. Conclusión: El entrenamiento de fuerza por adición de carga es un método de entrenamiento eficaz para mejorar la capacidad deportiva en los miembros inferiores de los atletas de fútbol. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Can elastic band resistance training programs mitigate holiday weight gain and improve hand-grip strength in older women? / ¿Pueden los programas de entrenamiento de resistencia con banda elástica mitigar el aumento de peso durante las vacaciones y mejorar la fuerza de agarre de las manos en mujeres mayores?

SUMMARY: This study evaluated the effect of resistance exercise training (RET) on body composition and muscle strength in 16 older women during summer holidays (70.5 ± 8.4 years old; Range 60-87). Exercise sessions were carried out for twelve weeks, two sessions per week, with 60 minutes of exercise per session. We measured body mass index (BMI), fat mass percentage (FM%, by bioimpedance) and grip strength with a dynamometer before and after the intervention. The participants showed a significant increase in BMI (p<0.05), FM% (p<0.001), and a significant gain in grip strength (p<0.05). The RET program could be an important strategy for improving strength for older women, but we would suggest combining it with other interventions, such as aerobic exercises with gradually increasing intensity and nutrition interventions, in order to maintain a steady weight during holiday periods.

RESUMEN: Este estudio evaluó el efecto del entrenamien- to con ejercicios de resistencia (EER) sobre la composición corpo- ral y la fuerza muscular en 16 mujeres adultas mayores durante las vacaciones de verano (70,5 ± 8,4 años; Rango 60-87). Las sesio- nes de ejercicio se llevaron a cabo durante doce semanas, dos ve- ces por semana, con 60 minutos de ejercicio por sesión. Se evaluó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el porcentaje de masa grasa (% MG, por bioimpedancia) y la fuerza de presión con un dinamómetro manual antes y después de la intervención. Las participantes mos- traron un aumento significativo en el IMC (p< 0,05), % de MG (p<0,001) y un incremento significativo en la fuerza prensil (p <0,05). El programa de EER podría ser una estrategia importante para mejorar la fuerza de mujeres adultas mayores durante el periodo estival. El EER se sugiere combinarlo con otras variables, como ejercicios aeróbicos con intensidad gradualmente creciente y una intervención nutricional, para mantener un peso constante durante los períodos de vacaciones.

Effectiveness Of Home Exercise Program With Modified Rood’s Approach On Muscle Strength In Post Cerebral Haemorrhagic Individuals Of Assam: A Randomized Trial

Background: Physical therapists are integral to the rehabilitation of patients of stroke, and home exercise program (HEP) prescription is a routine part of physical therapy care. Strength training is imperative in interventions for stroke patients. Various components of Rood’s Approach are effective in stroke rehabilitation, an aspect that has not been thoroughly explored as yet. Methods: A randomized controlled trial study was done at Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Assam. The subjects were 236 hemorrhagic stroke patients who were randomly assigned into two groups. Both the groups were given a HEP consisting of routine physiotherapy exercises. Additionally, one group out of the two was also taught exercises based on the Rood’s approach, consisting of facilitation and inhibition techniques with the help of sensory stimulation and repetitive task-specific activity. The output was evaluated in terms of muscle strength using Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) after three months of intervention. Results: It was observed that HEP with Rood’s approach significantly improved (p<0.05) the muscle strength in shoulder flexors (p=0.038), shoulder extensors (p=0.003), shoulder abductors (p=0.033), shoulder adductors (p=0.018), elbow flexors (p=0.009), wrist flexors (p=0.044), finger flexors (p=0.011), hip flexors (p=0.007), hip extensors (p=0.015), hip adductors (p=0.00), knee flexors (p=0.00), ankle plantar flexors (p=0.00) and dorsi flexors (p=0.039). However, no improvements were observed for elbow extensors, wrist extensors, finger extensors, hip abductors and knee extensors. Conclusion:  Although it was observed that both the Groups improving their muscle strength, but HEP with Rood’s approach was found to be more effective in improving muscle strength.

Effect of Otago exercise program on the elderly′s falls:a Meta-analysis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of Otago exercise program on the elderly′s falls. Methods The relevant randomized controlled trials were searched from PubMed, Web of science, Scopus,CINAHL,Chinese Biomedical Literature Database,China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang database. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria two reviewers screened literature, extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies, using Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 independently. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan5.3. Results Totally 16 randomized controlled trials were included. Meta-analysis showed that Otago exercise program can reduce the incidence of falls(ratio ratio was 0.85,P=0.000 6),improve falls efficacy (standardized mean number difference was 0.67, 0.43, all P<0.05), enhance elderly′ s balance (standardized mean number difference was 0.65,P<0.01)and mobility(mean number difference was-5.46, P=0.000 1),but can′t effectively reduce the incidence of falls related injury(ratio ratio was 0.98,P=0.78). Conclusions Otago exercise program is effective to improve falls efficacy, enhance balance and mobility,reduce the incidence of falls.It is suggested to promote clinical use.

Need for peri-operative weight loss among obese colorectal cancer patients / 体力科学

Colorectal cancer patients account for the largest proportion of total cancer patients in Japan. With an increase in its surgical cases and relatively higher five-year survival rate, the number of cancer survivors is expected to be increasing. Therefore, primary prevention, surgical therapy and recurrence prevention for colorectal cancer are public health priorities in Japan. General and abdominal obesity (Not only abdominal but also general obesity) are risk factors for colorectal cancer. In addition, accumulated abdominal fat can extend time spent in surgery by hindering operative procedures and surgical field expansion. These factors raise the risk of postoperative complications such as bleeding and surgical site infection, which eventually leads to increased medical expenses. Physical activity is one of protective factors for colorectal cancer. Recent studies showed that exercise intervention in cancer survivors reduces the cancer recurrence risk. Furthermore, it has been suggested that exercise interventions are effective in reducing fatigue, improving immune function, and maintaining physical function. However, the effectiveness of preoperative exercise intervention aimed at reducing weight in colorectal cancer patients remains unknown. In this review article, we discuss necessity for peri-operative weight loss among obese colorectal cancer patients.

HOSPITAL BASED 4 WEEK PHYSICAL THERAPY PROGRAM RESULTS AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

@#BACKGROUND: Early physical therapy plays important role in improving functional capacity, activities of daily life, and quality of life after acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe effects of 4 weeks physical therapy program after acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: In our study, 20 men participated in physical therapy program for 14 days after PCI surgery. The patients were diagnosed with myocardial infarction and aged 56.45±8.1. Their BMI was 27.39±3.61and waist circumference was 98±9.28. Exercise program was scheduled 3 times a week with each session consisting of 34-70% intensity exercises for 60 minutes. Exercise type is aerobic (warming up for 10 minutes, walking, bicycling and cooling down stretch for 10 minutes). RESULTS: For the 6-minute walking test (p=0.01) there was significant difference between before and after 4 weeks’ exercise program. CONCLUSION: The hospital based 4 weeks exercise program improved the functional capacity for pci patients.

The Effect of Post-operative Exercise in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Study

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of post-operative exercise on body composition, psychological factors, time to flatus and length of hospital stay in stage 1~3 colorectal cancer patients. METHODS: A total of 35 post surgery patients were recruited and randomly assigned to the exercise or controlled group. Participants in the exercise group exercised twice a day while participants in the control group followed the clinical pathways (CP). RESULTS: A total of 25 participants completed the trial. Post-operative exercise resulted in a clinically meaningful, but statistically insignificant reduction in body weight (Exercise: -1.10±1.63 kg vs. CP: -0.63±1.16 kg; p=.111), fat mass (Exercise: -1.43±0.95 kg vs. CP: 0.64±4.29 kg; p=.100). When participants' body composition were compared to their baseline values at the baseline, only the exercise group experienced a significant reduction in body weight, body mass index (BMI) and fat mass. In addition, post-operative exercise significantly improved health related quality of life (Exercise: 2.27±2.08 vs CP: -12.82±22.47; p=.008). However, there was no difference in time to flatus and the length of hospital stay between groups. CONCLUSION: The current pilot study suggests that the post-operative exercise program was safe and produced for health related quality of life improvements in colorectal cancer patients.

Factors affecting compliance to home-based exercises among selected community-based rehabilitation patients / The Health Sciences Journal

Introduction @#Home exercise programs are part of home-based rehabilitation or self-management for chronic conditions and are typically unsupervised by health professionals. This paper aimed to identify the most common factors affecting compliance to a home exercise program among patients of a community-based rehabilitation.@*Methods @#This study correlated age, gender, civil status and educational background with perceived factors affecting compliance among patients undergoing community-based rehabilitation. A self-generated questionnaire with a 5-point Likert-type scale was used to measure the patient-related, therapy-related and health care factors affecting compliance. Correlation of the demographic characteristics listed with factors affecting compliance was determined using Person's r and Spearman rho.@*Results @#Around 90-95% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the patient-related, therapy-related and health care system factors listed. Correlating with age, pain was a barrier in achieving goals (r=-0.383). Willingness to do exercises had some correlation with doing the home exercises (r=0.366). Pain was a barrier in doing the exercises among married patients (r = -0.485). Willingness to do exercises at home was weakly negatively correlated with a low educational attainment (r = -0.287). All the correlations were not significant.@*Conclusion @#Compliance to a home exercise program are inluenced by the patient's motivation, pain as a barrier in achieving goals, and accommodating staff. Female gender and single status correlated with better compliance but the correlation was not significant.

Effects of a multimodal exercise program on the functional capacity of Parkinson's disease patients considering disease severity and gender / Efeitos de um programa de exercícios multimodal na capacidade funcional de pacientes com doença de Parkinson considerando a gravidade da doença e sexo / Efectos de un programa de ejercicio multimodal en la capacidad funcional de los pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson teniendo en cuenta la gravedad de la enfermedad y el sexo

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a multimodal exercise program (MEP) on the functional capacity of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) according to disease severity and gender. Fourteen patients with PD participated in the study and were distributed into groups according to 1) stage of disease and 2) gender. Functional capacity was evaluated before and after 6 months of intervention. The overall PD patient group improved their coordination and strength. Men and women improved in strength performance after exercise. Men also improved on coordination. For severity of disease, the unilateral group improved in strength, while the bilateral group improved in strength, balance, coordination and the UPDRS-functional score. In conclusion, a MEP is efficient in improving components of functional capacity in patients with PD, especially in strength. Gender may be considered in the exercise program. Individuals in the bilateral disease group appeared to benefit more from exercise.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de um programa de exercício multimodal (PEM) na capacidade funcional de pacientes com doença de Parkinson (DP), de acordo com a severidade da doença e gênero. Catorze pacientes com DP participaram do estudo, distribuídos em dois grupos: 1) severidade da doença, 2) gênero. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada antes e após 6 meses de intervenção. Em geral, os pacientes melhoraram a coordenação e força. Homens e mulheres melhoraram o desempenho da força após o exercício. Os homens também melhoraram a coordenação. Para a severidade da doença, o grupo unilateral melhorou a força, enquanto o grupo bilateral melhorou força, equilíbrio, coordenação e UPDRS funcional. Portanto, o PEM é eficiente na melhoria dos componentes da capacidade funcional de pacientes com DP, especialmente a força. O gênero deve ser considerado no programa de exercício. Pacientes no estágio bilateral parecem ter mais benefícios do exercício.

Esto estudio investigó el efecto de un programa de ejercicio multimodal (PEM) en la capacidad funcional de pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson (EP), considerando la severidad de la enfermedad y el género. Catorce pacientes con EP participaron del estudio, distribuidos en grupos: 1) severidad de la enfermedad, 2) género. La capacidad funcional fue avaluada antes y después de 6-meses de intervención. En general, los pacientes mejoraron coordinación y fuerza. Hombres y mujeres mejoraron el desempeño de la fuerza después del ejercicio. Todavía, los hombres también mejoraron coordinación. Considerando la gravedad de la enfermedad, el grupo unilateral mejoró fuerza y el grupo bilateral mejoró fuerza, equilibrio, coordinación y la UPDRS-funcional. Así, el PEM fue eficaz en mejorar los componentes de la capacidad funcional de pacientes con EP, especialmente la fuerza. El género debe ser considerado en el programa de ejercicios. Individuos con enfermedad bilateral parecen beneficiarse más de los ejercicios.

Riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres en edad reproductiva con diabetes tipo 2 incorporadas a un programa de ejercicios / Cardiovascular risk in women of reproductive age with type 2 diabetes incorporated into an exercise program

Evaluar parámetros clínicos, antropométricos, metabólicos, de bienestar y calcular índices de riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres en edad reproductiva con diabetes tipo 2 incorporadas a un programa de ejercicios. Investigación cuasi experimental de corte longitudinal, donde se estudiaron 51 mujeres en edad reproductiva con diabetes tipo 2. Se indicaron ejercicios aeróbicos de moderada intensidad durante 30 minutos, 5 días por semana. Se determinó presión arterial (PA), pulso,Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), circunferencia Abdominal (CA), glucemia en ayunas y 2 horas post-desayuno, hemoglobina glucosilada A1c (HbA1c), colesterol total y fracciones, el índice de bienestar físico y mental de Goldberg y los Índices de riesgo cardiovascular a diez años (UKPDS), antes y seis meses después del programa de ejercicios. Se usó test student y test de Test de Wilcoxon para la asociación de variables. La edad promedio fue 37,4 años + 6,6 y se ubicaban en los estratos socioeconómicos III y IV. Después del programa de ejercicios se observó disminución de PA, pulso, CA, glicemia en ayunas y postprandial, HbA1c, triglicéridos (p<0,016), (p<0.001), (p<0,0001), (p<0,04), (p<0,049) (p<0.0001) (p<0,004) respectivamente e incremento del HDL-c (p<0,0001). El índice de Goldberg arrojó un descenso de su puntuación (p<0,0001), indicando mayor grado de bienestar y calidad de vida. Los Índices de riesgo a diez años de ECV, de ECV fatal, de accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) y de ACV fatal descendieron (p<0,000) (p<0,0005) (p<0,0005) y (p<0,0025), respectivamente. Se observó disminución de los Índices de riesgo cardiovascular y mayor grado de bienestar después de un programa de ejercicios.

To assess clinical, anthropometric, and metabolic parameters of well-being, and to determine cardiovascular risk in women of reproductive age with type 2 diabetes, enrolled in an exercise program. Quasi-experimental longitudinal research design which included 51 women in reproductive age with type 2 diabetes. Aerobic exercises of moderate intensity for 30 minutes and 5 days per week were indicated. Blood pressure (BP). Body Mass Index (BMI), abdominal circumference (AC), fasting and 2 hours post-breakfast glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol and fractions, Goldberg’s index of mental and physical well-being, and cardiovascular risk indexes within ten years UKPDS before and six months after the exercise program were determined. For variable association, student’s t and Wilcoxon test were used. Average age was 37.4 + 6.6, socioeconomic strata III and IV. After the exercise training program, a decrease of AP, pulse, AC, fasting and postprandial glucose levels, HbA1c, triglycerides (p<0.016), (p<0.001), (p<0.0001), (p<0.04), (p<0.049) (p<0.0001) (p<0.004) was observed, as well as an increase of HDL-c (p<0,0001). Goldberg’s index also decreased (p<0.0001) which indicates a higher degree of well-being and quality of life. CVD, fatal CVD, CVA, and fatal CVA risk indexes within ten years decreased (p<0.000, p<0,0005, p<0.0005 and p<00025), respectively. A decreaseof cardiovascular risk indexes and a higher degree of well-being were observed after the exercise training program.

Do muscle strengthening exercises improve performance in the 6-minute walk test in postmenopausal women? / O exercício de força muscular é eficiente para melhorar o desempenho no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em mulheres pós-menopausais?

BACKGROUND: Walking speed seems to be related to aerobic capacity, lower limb strength, and functional mobility, however it is not clear whether there is a direct relationship between improvement in muscle strength and gait performance in early postmenopausal women. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of muscle strengthening exercises on the performance of the 6-minute walk test in women within 5 years of menopause. METHODS: The women were randomized into control group (n=31), which performed no exercise, and exercise group (n=27), which performed muscle strengthening exercises. The exercises were performed twice a week for 3 months. The exercise protocol consisted of warm-up, stretching, and strengthening of the quadriceps, hamstring, calf, tibialis anterior, gluteus maximus, and abdominal muscles, followed by relaxation. Muscular strength training started with 60% of 1MR (2 series of 10-15 repetitions), reaching 85% until the end of the 3-month period (4 series of 6 repetitions each). RESULTS: The between-group comparisons pre- and post-intervention did not show any difference in distance walked, heart rate or blood pressure (p>0.05), but showed differences in muscle strength post-intervention, with the exercise group showing greater strength (p CONCLUSION: The results suggest that muscle strengthening of the lower limbs did not improve performance in the 6-minute walk test in this population of postmenopausal women.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A velocidade de marcha parece estar relacionada com a capacidade aeróbica, força dos músculos dos membros inferiores e mobilidade funcional. Entretanto, não está claro se existe uma relação direta entre a melhora da força muscular e o desempenho da marcha em mulheres pós-menopausais recentes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de exercícios de fortalecimento muscular sobre o desempenho no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em mulheres nos primeiros cinco anos após a menopausa. MÉTODOS: As mulheres foram randomizadas em grupo controle (n=31), que não realizou exercício, e grupo exercício (n=27), que realizou um programa de exercícios. O programa de exercícios foi realizado duas vezes por semana, durante três meses, e consistiu em aquecimento, alongamento, exercícios de fortalecimento muscular para quadríceps, isquiotibiais, tríceps sural, tibial anterior, glúteo máximo e abdominais, finalizando com relaxamento. O treinamento de força iniciou com 60% de 1RM (duas séries de 10-15 repetições) e atingiu 85% (quatro séries de seis repetições) no final dos três meses. RESULTADOS: As comparações entre os grupos pré e pós-três meses não mostraram diferenças para distância percorrida, frequência cardíaca (FC) e pressão arterial (p≥0,05), mas mostraram diferenças para força muscular após três meses, com o grupo exercício apresentando maior força (p≤0,05). Nas comparações antes e após três meses intragrupos, houve diferenças para FC, forças musculares de quadríceps e isquiotibiais para o grupo intervenção. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que o treinamento de força muscular dos membros inferiores não melhora o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos para essa população de mulheres avaliadas.

Custo-benefício de programa de exercício físico para redução de peso em adultos / Cost-effectiveness of exercise program to reduce weight in adults

O objetivo foi estimar o custo-benefício de programa de mudança de estilo de vida na redução da obesidade. Foram reunidos dados de 271 adultos (ambos sexos) participantes de programa de exercício físico, com protocolos distintos em tipo e duração (2, 6 ou 12 meses), envolvendo aconselhamento alimentar ou adequação de fibras alimentares. Aferiu-se peso e estatura para cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Considerou-se R$0,79/pessoa/ano o custo da hospitalização relacionada à obesidade e do programa R$1.580,00/mês. Em 2 meses, o grupo de caminhada e o de exercícios mistos (caminhada e força) e adequação de fibras alimentares tiveram maior redução de peso e IMC. A eutrofia aumentou em 2 meses com exercícios mistos e adequação de fibras, 6 meses de caminhada, 1 ano de exercícios mistos ou caminhada. Pelos cálculos a economia aos cofres públicos com 2 meses de exercícios mistos e fibras seria de aproximadamente R$2 milhões e, com 1 ano de exercícios mistos, de R$726.000 e com caminhada de R$2,4 milhões. O programa mostrou que a economia gerada seria suficiente para financiar a replicação deste programa em todos os municípios brasileiros.

The objective was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of lifestyle-modification program in reducing the obesity. Was collected data from 271 adults (both genders) they participated in exercise program, with different protocols as regards type and duration (2, 6 or 12 months), envolved nutritional counseling or food fiber adequacy. Weight and height were measured to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI). The considered expenditure with obesity were R$ 0,79/person/year, and the monthly cost of the program R$1.580,00. For 2 months, the group following walk and mixed exercises (walk and strength) with food fiber adequacy achieved greater weight loss and BMI reduction, and in 6 months was the group walk. The eutrophy increased in 2 months of mixed exercises with fiber, 6 months with walk, 1 year of mixed and walk. According to the cost-benefit estimates, the economy of public revenue with 2 months of mixed exercises with fiber would be almost R$ 2,4 million, with 1 year of mixed it would be R$ 726.000 and R$ 2,4 million of walk. The program has shown that, if applied nationwide cities, the generated savings would be enough sufficient to implement this program in all municipalities in this country.

Incidence of abnormal electrocardiograms which affected the changes of exercise programs at outpatient cardiac rehabilitation clinic.

Objective: the primary purpose of the study was to determine the incidence of abnormal electrocardiograms (ECGs) which affected the changes of exercise programs. The secondary purpose was to study types of ECG abnormality and the time of detecting the abnormality. Methods: The study was retrospective design. The studied population was selected from the followed up patients at our outpatient cardiac rehabilitation clinic from October 1, 2008 to May 31, 2009. The inclusion criteria were patients who had to follow up at our outpatient cardiac rehabilitation clinic and were monitored for ECG telemetry. The medical and ECG telemetry records of the patients were reviewed. The incidence of abnormal ECGs was reported as the percentage of patients with abnormal ECGs. The patients with abnormal ECGs were classified as the ECG changing group and those without abnormal ECGs were classified as the non-ECG changing group. The comparison of both groups was performed by Chi-square test for categorical data and the independent samples t-test for the quantitative data. The median survival time was carefully estimated by Kaplan-Meier method of Survival Analysis. The factors associated with time of detecting abnormal ECGs were analyzed by using Cox proportional hazards model. The data analysis was performed with statistical significant difference of the p-value < 0.05. Results: Five hundred and forty patients, 378 males and 162 females, were enrolled. There were 151 from 540 patients (28%) in the ECG changing group and 389 patients (72%) in the non-ECG changing group. The comparison between two groups indicated that there were no significant differences regarding gender, age, body mass index, diseases and co-morbidities (such as coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and chronic obstructive lung disease), left ventricular ejection fraction and status of cardiac surgery. The two most common types of ECG abnormality in the ECG changing group were tachyarrhythmia and bradyarrhythmia, respectively. The Cox proportional hazards model revealed that there was no factor associated with time of detecting abnormal ECGs. From the Kaplan-Meier method of Survival Analysis, the median survival time of detecting abnormal ECGs was 61 months (95%CI: 47.6, 74.9). Conclusion: The incidence of abnormal ECGs which affected the changes of exercise programs in our outpatient cardiac rehabilitation clinic was 28%. The most common type of abnormality was tachyarrhythmia. The median survival time for detecting abnormal ECGs was 61 months after cardiac hospital discharge. There was no associated factor with the time of detecting abnormal ECGs.

Respiratory exercise program for elderly individuals with asthma

INTRODUCTION: Asthma in older adults is frequently underdiagnosed, as reflected by approximately 60 percent of asthma deaths occurring in people older than age 65. OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluates the effects of a respiratory exercise program tailored for elderly individuals with asthma. We are not aware of any other reports examining breathing exercises in this population. METHODS: Fourteen patients concluded the 16-week respiratory exercise program. All the patients were evaluated with regard to lung function, respiratory muscle strength, aerobic capacity, quality of life and clinical presentation. RESULTS: After 16 weeks of this open-trial intervention, significant increases in maximum inspiratory pressure and maximum expiratory pressure (27.6 percent and 20.54 percent, respectively) were demonstrated. Considerable improvement in quality of life was also observed. The clinical evaluations and daily recorded-symptoms diary also indicated significant improvements and fewer respiratory symptoms. A month after the exercises were discontinued, however, detraining was observed. DISCUSSION: In conclusion, a respiratory exercise program increased muscle strength and was associated with a positive effect on patient health and quality of life. Therefore, a respiratory training program could be included in the therapeutic approach in older adults with asthma.